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This final lesson brings together everything you have learned about Development Dynamics. It provides a comprehensive glossary of key terms, revision tables, exam technique guidance for different question types, and common mistakes to avoid. Use this lesson to consolidate your knowledge and prepare effectively for the exam.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Development | The process of improving the quality of life and economic well-being of a country's population |
| GNI per capita | Gross National Income divided by population; measures average income |
| HDI | Human Development Index; composite measure combining health, education, and income |
| HIC | High-Income Country; GNI per capita above $13,205 |
| NEE | Newly Emerging Economy; a country experiencing rapid economic growth and industrialisation |
| LIC | Low-Income Country; GNI per capita below $1,135 |
| Brandt Line | Imaginary line dividing the wealthy "North" from the poorer "South" (1980) |
| Development gap | The difference in development levels between the world's richest and poorest countries |
| Colonialism | The practice of one country taking control of another, exploiting its resources and people |
| Rostow's model | Theory that all countries pass through five stages of economic growth |
| Dependency theory | Theory that rich countries keep poor countries underdeveloped through exploitation |
| Core-periphery | Model dividing the world into wealthy core and exploited periphery countries |
| FDI | Foreign Direct Investment; investment by a company in business operations in another country |
| TNC | Transnational Corporation; a company that operates in more than one country |
| Microfinance | Small loans provided to people too poor to access conventional banking |
| Fair trade | Trading system that guarantees minimum prices and better conditions for producers in LICs |
| HIPC | Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative; provides debt relief to the world's poorest nations |
| Aid | Transfer of resources from richer countries/organisations to poorer ones |
| Liberalisation | Reducing government control over the economy; opening up to foreign investment and trade |
| SEZ | Special Economic Zone; area with relaxed regulations and tax incentives to attract business |
| Monsoon | Seasonal wind pattern bringing heavy rainfall to South Asia (June–September) |
| Demographic dividend | Economic benefit from having a large working-age population relative to dependents |
| Slum | An overcrowded, informal settlement with inadequate housing and limited services |
| BRICS | Group of major emerging economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa (expanded 2024) |
| Soft power | Ability to influence others through culture, values, and ideas rather than force |
| Remittances | Money sent home by migrants working abroad |
| Brain drain | Emigration of skilled workers from LICs to HICs |
| Resource curse | Phenomenon where resource-rich countries experience slower growth due to corruption and conflict |
| Poverty trap | Vicious cycle where poverty breeds conditions that perpetuate poverty |
| Intermediate technology | Technology suited to the needs, skills, and resources of local communities |
Use this table to revise the strengths and limitations of key indicators:
| Indicator | Type | What It Measures | Strength | Limitation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GNI per capita | Economic | Average income | Easy to compare; widely available | Hides inequality within countries |
| GDP per capita | Economic | Economic output per person | Standard economic measure | Ignores informal economy |
| Life expectancy | Social | Average lifespan | Good overall health indicator | Does not show quality of life |
| Literacy rate | Social | Reading and writing ability | Shows education provision | Does not capture education quality |
| Infant mortality | Social | Baby deaths per 1,000 births | Sensitive health measure | Data collection issues in LICs |
| HDI | Composite | Health + education + income | More complete picture | Still uses averages; limited dimensions |
Use this checklist to ensure you have covered all the key content:
The Edexcel B exam includes different types of questions. Here is how to approach each:
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