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So far, we have explored Konjunktiv II in the present — describing things that are not currently true (Wenn ich reich wäre...). But what about things that were not true in the past? For this, German uses Konjunktiv II in the past tense, also called Konjunktiv Plusquamperfekt or irrealer Vergangenheitsbezug.
Konjunktiv II Past is formed with:
hätte / wäre + Partizip II (past participle)
This is structurally identical to the Plusquamperfekt (past perfect) but with hätte/wäre instead of hatte/war:
| Tense | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Plusquamperfekt (indicative) | hatte/war + Partizip II | Ich hatte das Buch gelesen. (I had read the book.) |
| Konjunktiv II Past | hätte/wäre + Partizip II | Ich hätte das Buch gelesen. (I would have read the book.) |
The same rules apply as for the Perfekt tense:
| Verb | Auxiliary | Konjunktiv II Past (ich) |
|---|---|---|
| machen (to do) | hätte | Ich hätte es gemacht. |
| kaufen (to buy) | hätte | Ich hätte es gekauft. |
| sehen (to see) | hätte | Ich hätte es gesehen. |
| essen (to eat) | hätte | Ich hätte es gegessen. |
| gehen (to go) | wäre | Ich wäre gegangen. |
| kommen (to come) | wäre | Ich wäre gekommen. |
| fahren (to drive) | wäre | Ich wäre gefahren. |
| werden (to become) | wäre | Ich wäre ... geworden. |
| sein (to be) | wäre | Ich wäre ... gewesen. |
| bleiben (to stay) | wäre | Ich wäre geblieben. |
The most common use of Konjunktiv II Past is in past unreal conditions — situations that did not happen but could have:
Wenn + subject + ... + Partizip II + hätte/wäre (end), hätte/wäre + subject + ... + Partizip II.
| German | English |
|---|---|
| Wenn ich das gewusst hätte, hätte ich anders gehandelt. | If I had known that, I would have acted differently. |
| Wenn sie früher gekommen wäre, hätte sie ihn getroffen. | If she had come earlier, she would have met him. |
| Wenn wir mehr Geld gehabt hätten, wären wir nach Japan geflogen. | If we had had more money, we would have flown to Japan. |
| Wenn er nicht so schnell gefahren wäre, hätte er keinen Unfall gehabt. | If he had not driven so fast, he would not have had an accident. |
In the wenn-clause, the auxiliary (hätte/wäre) goes to the end, after the past participle:
In the main clause, the auxiliary comes first (or second position), and the past participle goes to the end:
You can drop wenn by moving the verb to the front (like a question):
This is common in formal and literary German.
Konjunktiv II Past is used to express things you wish you had done (or not done):
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