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Having learned to conjugate ser, it is time to master the other "to be" verb: estar. Like ser, estar is irregular in the present tense and must be memorised. Notice that most forms carry an accent mark on the final syllable — this is a distinctive feature of estar.
| Subject Pronoun | Conjugation | English |
|---|---|---|
| yo | estoy | I am |
| tú | estás | you are (informal) |
| él/ella/usted | está | he is / she is / you are (formal) |
| nosotros/nosotras | estamos | we are |
| vosotros/vosotras | estáis | you all are (Spain, informal) |
| ellos/ellas/ustedes | están | they are / you all are (formal) |
Tip: Notice the pattern of accents: estás, está, estáis, están. Only estoy and estamos lack an accent mark. The accent tells you the stress falls on the last syllable of the ending.
| Form | Pronunciation | Phonetic |
|---|---|---|
| estoy | es-TOY | /es.ˈtoi/ |
| estás | es-TAS | /es.ˈtas/ |
| está | es-TA | /es.ˈta/ |
| estamos | es-TA-mos | /es.ˈta.mos/ |
| estáis | es-TAIS | /es.ˈtais/ |
| están | es-TAN | /es.ˈtan/ |
The most fundamental use of estar is to express where someone or something is located.
| Spanish | English |
|---|---|
| Estoy en casa. | I am at home. |
| ¿Dónde estás? | Where are you? |
| El libro está en la mesa. | The book is on the table. |
| Estamos en el restaurante. | We are in the restaurant. |
| Mis llaves están en el bolsillo. | My keys are in my pocket. |
| Madrid está en España. | Madrid is in Spain. |
| El supermercado está cerca. | The supermarket is nearby. |
| ¿Está tu madre en casa? | Is your mother at home? |
| Expression | Meaning |
|---|---|
| estar en | to be in/at |
| estar cerca (de) | to be near |
| estar lejos (de) | to be far (from) |
| estar aquí | to be here |
| estar allí/ahí | to be there |
| estar arriba | to be upstairs/above |
| estar abajo | to be downstairs/below |
| estar dentro | to be inside |
| estar fuera | to be outside |
| estar delante (de) | to be in front (of) |
| estar detrás (de) | to be behind |
| estar al lado (de) | to be next to |
| estar entre | to be between |
Estar is used for temporary emotional states.
| Spanish | English |
|---|---|
| Estoy contento. | I am happy/pleased. |
| ¿Estás bien? | Are you OK? |
| Ella está triste. | She is sad. |
| Estamos preocupados. | We are worried. |
| Ellos están enfadados. | They are angry. |
| Estoy nervioso. | I am nervous. |
| Mi madre está orgullosa. | My mother is proud. |
| Estáis aburridos? | Are you all bored? |
| Adjective | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| contento/a | happy, pleased | Estoy contenta. |
| triste | sad | Está triste. |
| enfadado/a | angry | Están enfadados. |
| nervioso/a | nervous | Estoy nerviosa. |
| preocupado/a | worried | Estamos preocupados. |
| sorprendido/a | surprised | Está sorprendida. |
| aburrido/a | bored | Estoy aburrido. |
| emocionado/a | excited | Estamos emocionados. |
| asustado/a | scared | Están asustados. |
| tranquilo/a | calm | Estoy tranquila. |
| cansado/a | tired | Estás cansado. |
| estresado/a | stressed | Estoy estresada. |
Temporary physical states also use estar.
| Spanish | English |
|---|---|
| Estoy enfermo. | I am ill. |
| ¿Estás cansada? | Are you tired? |
| Está embarazada. | She is pregnant. |
| Estamos muertos de hambre. | We are starving. |
| El café está caliente. | The coffee is hot. |
| La sopa está fría. | The soup is cold. |
| La puerta está abierta. | The door is open. |
| La ventana está cerrada. | The window is closed. |
| La habitación está limpia. | The room is clean. |
| El plato está roto. | The plate is broken. |
Key Insight: Many of these adjectives describe the result of an action: the door está abierta because someone opened it. The plate está roto because someone broke it. This "result of a change" is a core use of estar.
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