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Beyond the 9 basic vowel pairs, Thai has several special vowels, diphthongs (vowel combinations that glide from one sound to another), and unique forms that do not follow the standard short/long pattern.
A diphthong is a vowel sound that glides from one position to another within the same syllable. Thai has three main diphthongs, each with a short and long version:
| # | Short Form | Long Form | Pronunciation | Example | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | เ-ียะ (ìa) | เ-ีย (iia) | "ee-ah" glide | เสีย (sǐa) | Broken / to lose |
| 2 | เ-ือะ (ʉ̀a) | เ-ือ (ʉʉa) | "ʉʉ-ah" glide | เรือ (rʉa) | Boat |
| 3 | -ัวะ (ùa) | -ัว (uua) | "oo-ah" glide | ตัว (dtua) | Body / classifier |
เ-ีย (ia):
Written: เ [before] + -ี [above] + ย [after]
Example: เบีย → เ + บ + ี + ย = bia (beer)
เ-ือ (ʉa):
Written: เ [before] + -ื [above] + อ [after]
Example: เมือง → เ + ม + ื + อ + ง = mʉang (city)
-ัว (ua):
Written: -ั [above] + ว [after]
Example: สวน → ส + ว + น = sǔan (garden)
ตัว → ต + ั + ว = dtua (body)
The vowel อำ combines a short "a" with a final "m" sound. It is written as a single symbol:
| Form | Pronunciation | Example | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| -ำ | am | น้ำ (nám) | Water |
| ทำ (tham) | To do | ||
| จำ (jam) | To remember | ||
| ลำ (lam) | Trunk / classifier |
Note: -ำ is considered a vowel even though it includes the consonant sound "m". It is always treated as a short vowel for tone rule purposes.
Thai has two vowels that both produce the sound "ai" (like English "eye"):
| Form | Name | Usage | Example | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ไ- | สระ ไม้มลาย (sà-rà mái-má-laai) | Used in most words | ไป (bpai) | To go |
| ใ- | สระ ไม้ม้วน (sà-rà mái-múan) | Used in only 20 words | ใจ (jai) | Heart/mind |
The 20 ใ- words must be memorised. Here are some of the most common:
| Word | Pronunciation | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ใน (nai) | nai | In / inside |
| ใจ (jai) | jai | Heart / mind |
| ให้ (hâi) | hâi | To give |
| ใหม่ (mài) | mài | New |
| ใหญ่ (yài) | yài | Big / large |
| ใช้ (chái) | chái | To use |
| ใกล้ (glâi) | glâi | Near |
| ใส่ (sài) | sài | To put in / wear |
| ใบ (bai) | bai | Leaf / classifier |
| ใต้ (dtâi) | dtâi | Under / south |
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